最高人民法院關于審理建設工程施工合同糾紛案件 適用法律問題的解釋（二）解析
發布者：管理員 2019/5/23 14:14:27
; 為(wei)正(zheng)確審理建設(she)工程施(shi)工合(he)(he)同糾紛案(an)件，依法(fa)(fa)保護當事人(ren)(ren)合(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)權益，維護建筑市場秩序，促進建筑市場健(jian)康發(fa)展，根據《中(zhong)華(hua)(hua)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)共(gong)和(he)國(guo)民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)總則》《中(zhong)華(hua)(hua)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)共(gong)和(he)國(guo)合(he)(he)同法(fa)(fa)》《中(zhong)華(hua)(hua)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)共(gong)和(he)國(guo)建筑法(fa)(fa)》《中(zhong)華(hua)(hua)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)共(gong)和(he)國(guo)招標投標法(fa)(fa)》《中(zhong)華(hua)(hua)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)共(gong)和(he)國(guo)民(min)(min)事訴訟法(fa)(fa)》等法(fa)(fa)律規(gui)定，結合(he)(he)審判實踐。2018年10月(yue)29日(ri)最(zui)高(gao)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)院審判委員會第1751次會議通(tong)過《最(zui)高(gao)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)院關于審理建設(she)工程施(shi)工合(he)(he)同糾紛案(an)件適用法(fa)(fa)律問題(ti)的解(jie)釋（二(er)）》【下稱“建設(she)工程施(shi)工合(he)(he)同解(jie)釋（二(er)）”】，并自2019年2月(yue)1日(ri)起施(shi)行。
我公司作(zuo)為(wei)房地產企(qi)業，該司法解釋對(dui)(dui)我公司影響較大，法務部對(dui)(dui)其中合同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)無效情形(xing)以及涉(she)及的(de)(de)“黑白合同(tong)(tong)”認定進行了(le)學習(xi)，具體如下(xia)：
一、《建設(she)工程施(shi)工合(he)同(tong)》無(wu)效的情形(xing)
根據《中華人民共(gong)和國合同法》以(yi)及《建設工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)合同解釋(shi)（二）》，《建設工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)合同》無效(xiao)的情形(xing)有以(yi)下六點：
1、非法轉包合同(tong)；
2、違法分包合同；
3、承包人未(wei)取(qu)得或超越相(xiang)應資質(zhi)的(de)（例(li)外：承包人在建設工(gong)程“竣工(gong)前”取(qu)得相(xiang)應資質(zhi)的(de)，不按無效處理）；
4、沒有資質的(de)實際施工(gong)人(ren)借用有資質的(de)建筑施工(gong)企業名(ming)義的(de)；
5、建設工(gong)程必須進(jin)行(xing)招標(biao)而未(wei)招標(biao)或者中標(biao)無(wu)效的。
6、發(fa)(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)人未取得(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)許可(ke)(ke)證等規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)審(shen)批(pi)手(shou)續(xu)（例外：其(qi)一，發(fa)(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)人在起訴前(qian)取得(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)許可(ke)(ke)證等規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)審(shen)批(pi)手(shou)續(xu)的除(chu)外；其(qi)二，發(fa)(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)人能夠(gou)辦理審(shen)批(pi)手(shou)續(xu)而未辦理，并以(yi)未辦理審(shen)批(pi)手(shou)續(xu)為由主張(zhang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合同無(wu)效(xiao)的除(chu)外）。
對于以(yi)上六(liu)種情(qing)形，其(qi)中第六(liu)種情(qing)形就(jiu)是依據《建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)合同(tong)解(jie)釋（二）》的(de)第2條進行了明確(que)(que)約定(ding)，具體為(wei)(wei)“當(dang)事人(ren)(ren)以(yi)發(fa)包人(ren)(ren)未取得建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)規(gui)劃許(xu)可(ke)證等規(gui)劃審(shen)(shen)批手續(xu)為(wei)(wei)由，請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)確(que)(que)認建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)合同(tong)無效(xiao)的(de)，人(ren)(ren)民法院應予支持，但發(fa)包人(ren)(ren)在起訴前取得建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)規(gui)劃許(xu)可(ke)證等規(gui)劃審(shen)(shen)批手續(xu)的(de)除外。發(fa)包人(ren)(ren)能夠辦理審(shen)(shen)批手續(xu)而未辦理，并(bing)以(yi)未辦理審(shen)(shen)批手續(xu)為(wei)(wei)由請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)確(que)(que)認建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)合同(tong)無效(xiao)的(de)，人(ren)(ren)民法院不予支持。”
同時在《建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)合(he)同解釋（二）》的第(di)4條中(zhong)對于(yu)借(jie)用資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)形的賠償責(ze)任進行(xing)了明確約定，具體(ti)為“缺乏資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)的單(dan)位或者個人(ren)借(jie)用有資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)的建(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企業名義簽(qian)訂建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)合(he)同，發包(bao)人(ren)請(qing)求出借(jie)方(fang)與借(jie)用方(fang)對建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)不(bu)合(he)格等因出借(jie)資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)成的損失承擔連(lian)帶賠償責(ze)任的，人(ren)民法院(yuan)應予支持(chi)。”
二、建設(she)工程施(shi)工合(he)同中“黑白合(he)同”的效力認定
1、強制(zhi)招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)：依(yi)照《招(zhao)投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)法》第(di)3條(tiao)之規定(ding):在中(zhong)(zhong)華人民(min)共和國境內進行下列工程建設(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)包括項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)勘察(cha)、設(she)(she)計、施工、監理(li)以及與工程建設(she)(she)有(you)關的(de)(de)重(zhong)要設(she)(she)備、材料等的(de)(de)采購，必須進行招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)：(1）大型基礎設(she)(she)施、公(gong)(gong)用(yong)事業等關系社(she)會(hui)公(gong)(gong)共利益、公(gong)(gong)眾安(an)全的(de)(de)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)；（2）全部(bu)或(huo)者(zhe)部(bu)分使用(yong)國有(you)資(zi)(zi)金投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)或(huo)者(zhe)國家融資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)；（3）使用(yong)國際組織或(huo)者(zhe)外國政府貸款、援助資(zi)(zi)金的(de)(de)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)。同時，國家發改委(wei)于2018年(nian)3月(yue)27日發文(wen)2018年(nian)6月(yue)1日起施行的(de)(de)《必須招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)工程項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)規定(ding)》中(zhong)(zhong)縮小了(le)須強制(zhi)招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)建設(she)(she)工程項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)范(fan)圍(wei)，民(min)營投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)科技、教育等事業及社(she)會(hui)福(fu)利、商品房住宅項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)不再屬于強制(zhi)招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)范(fan)圍(wei)。
2、“強制招標(biao)”建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)，招標(biao)人(ren)(ren)和中標(biao)人(ren)(ren)另行簽(qian)訂的(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)合同(tong)約(yue)(yue)定的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)范圍、建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)價款等實(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)性內(nei)(nei)容，與中標(biao)合同(tong)不(bu)一(yi)(yi)致的(de)，應(ying)當(dang)招照(zhao)(zhao)中標(biao)合同(tong)確定當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)的(de)權利(li)義務（依據《建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)合同(tong)解釋（二(er)）》第1條第一(yi)(yi)款“招標(biao)人(ren)(ren)和中標(biao)人(ren)(ren)另行簽(qian)訂的(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)合同(tong)約(yue)(yue)定的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)范圍、建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)價款等實(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)性內(nei)(nei)容，與中標(biao)合同(tong)不(bu)一(yi)(yi)致，一(yi)(yi)方當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)請(qing)求按照(zhao)(zhao)中標(biao)合同(tong)確定權利(li)義務的(de)，人(ren)(ren)民法院(yuan)應(ying)予支持”）。
3、“強制招標(biao)(biao)”建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)程(cheng)，招標(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)和中(zhong)標(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)在中(zhong)標(biao)(biao)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)之外就明顯(xian)(xian)高(gao)于市場價(jia)格(ge)購買承建(jian)(jian)(jian)房產、無償建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)住宅配(pei)套(tao)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)、讓(rang)(rang)利、向建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)單位捐贈財物等另行簽訂(ding)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，變相(xiang)降低工(gong)程(cheng)價(jia)款，該背離中(zhong)標(biao)(biao)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)實質內容(rong)(rong)而另行簽訂(ding)的建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)無效（依據《建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)解釋（二(er)）》第1條(tiao)第二(er)款“招標(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)和中(zhong)標(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)在中(zhong)標(biao)(biao)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)之外就明顯(xian)(xian)高(gao)于市場價(jia)格(ge)購買承建(jian)(jian)(jian)房產、無償建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)住房配(pei)套(tao)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)、讓(rang)(rang)利、向建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)單位捐贈財物等另行簽訂(ding)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，變相(xiang)降低工(gong)程(cheng)價(jia)款，一(yi)方(fang)當事人(ren)(ren)以該合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)背離中(zhong)標(biao)(biao)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)實質性內容(rong)(rong)為由請(qing)求確認無效的，人(ren)(ren)民法院應予(yu)支持(chi)”）。
4、依(yi)法(fa)(fa)不屬(shu)于必須招(zhao)標(biao)的(de)(de)建設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項目（“非強(qiang)制(zhi)招(zhao)標(biao)”），發包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)招(zhao)標(biao)后，與(yu)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)另行(xing)(xing)訂(ding)立的(de)(de)建設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)同(tong)背(bei)離中(zhong)標(biao)合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)實(shi)質性內容，應當(dang)以中(zhong)標(biao)合(he)(he)同(tong)作為(wei)結(jie)算工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)價(jia)款(kuan)的(de)(de)依(yi)據(ju)（依(yi)據(ju)《建設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)同(tong)解釋（二）》第9條(tiao)“發包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)將依(yi)法(fa)(fa)不屬(shu)于必須招(zhao)標(biao)的(de)(de)建設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)招(zhao)標(biao)后，與(yu)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)另行(xing)(xing)訂(ding)立的(de)(de)建設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)同(tong)背(bei)離中(zhong)標(biao)合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)實(shi)質性內容，當(dang)事人(ren)(ren)請求以中(zhong)標(biao)合(he)(he)同(tong)作為(wei)結(jie)算建設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)價(jia)款(kuan)依(yi)據(ju)的(de)(de)，人(ren)(ren)民法(fa)(fa)院應予支(zhi)持，但發包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)與(yu)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)因(yin)客觀情(qing)況發生(sheng)了(le)在(zai)招(zhao)標(biao)投(tou)標(biao)時難以預見的(de)(de)變化而另行(xing)(xing)訂(ding)立建設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)除外”）。
對于上述情形(xing)，法(fa)務(wu)部應在建設工程招標(biao)以及(ji)合同起草簽署中著重把控(kong)，嚴格按(an)照相關法(fa)律法(fa)規以及(ji)公司實際情形(xing)進行(xing)風(feng)險防控(kong)。
