電子數據（微信、短信等）作為證據時如何認定原件？
發布者：管理員 2021/8/25 14:07:18
問：電子(zi)數(shu)據(ju)作為證據(ju)時如何(he)認定原件(jian)？
答：最高人民法(fa)院《關于(yu)(yu)民事(shi)訴訟證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)若干規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)》（本(ben)(ben)文以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下簡稱《證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)》）第(di)十(shi)五條第(di)二(er)款規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)：“當(dang)(dang)(dang)事(shi)人以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，應(ying)當(dang)(dang)(dang)提供原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)者(zhe)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)與(yu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)副(fu)本(ben)(ben)，或(huo)者(zhe)直接來源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)打(da)印件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)或(huo)其(qi)(qi)他可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)顯示、識別(bie)(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)，視為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。”所(suo)(suo)謂電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)是指基于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)技術生成(cheng)、以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)數字化形(xing)式(shi)存(cun)在于(yu)(yu)磁(ci)(ci)盤、磁(ci)(ci)帶等載(zai)體，其(qi)(qi)內容可(ke)與(yu)載(zai)體分離(li)，并(bing)可(ke)多次(ci)復制(zhi)(zhi)到其(qi)(qi)他載(zai)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)明(ming)案(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)事(shi)實(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)。訴訟中(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)當(dang)(dang)(dang)提交證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是各國普遍適(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)項規(gui)則，但(dan)由于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)是存(cun)儲(chu)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)信息(xi)，其(qi)(qi)在證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)明(ming)案(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)時(shi)，需要(yao)將(jiang)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)編碼轉化為(wei)(wei)人們可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)識別(bie)(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)，同(tong)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)(zhi)上是一(yi)(yi)(yi)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)信息(xi)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)精(jing)確復制(zhi)(zhi)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)在虛(xu)擬空間里無(wu)限快速(su)傳播，因(yin)此，在認(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)時(shi)應(ying)當(dang)(dang)(dang)根據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)不(bu)同(tong)情況適(shi)用(yong)不(bu)同(tong)判斷標(biao)準：在調查(cha)收(shou)集證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場合，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)指最初(chu)生成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)及首先固定(ding)(ding)(ding)所(suo)(suo)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種存(cun)儲(chu)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)；在舉(ju)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、質(zhi)(zhi)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)和(he)審核認(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)時(shi)，應(ying)適(shi)當(dang)(dang)(dang)進行變通，因(yin)為(wei)(wei)上述(shu)環節(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始載(zai)體本(ben)(ben)身(shen)對案(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)事(shi)實(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)明(ming)并(bing)無(wu)決(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)性意義，發(fa)揮事(shi)實(shi)(shi)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)明(ming)作(zuo)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是其(qi)(qi)轉換形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)識別(bie)(bie)形(xing)式(shi)。如(ru)果將(jiang)轉換形(xing)式(shi)視為(wei)(wei)復制(zhi)(zhi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，會(hui)將(jiang)相當(dang)(dang)(dang)數量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)排除在案(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)事(shi)實(shi)(shi)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)明(ming)之外，削弱其(qi)(qi)應(ying)有功能(neng)(neng)。因(yin)此，只要(yao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)“功能(neng)(neng)上等同(tong)或(huo)基本(ben)(ben)等同(tong)”于(yu)(yu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效果，即可(ke)視為(wei)(wei)合法(fa)有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。《證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)》第(di)十(shi)五條第(di)二(er)款明(ming)確“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)者(zhe)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)與(yu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)副(fu)本(ben)(ben)，或(huo)者(zhe)直接來源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)打(da)印件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)或(huo)其(qi)(qi)他可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)顯示、識別(bie)(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)”在功能(neng)(neng)上均等同(tong)或(huo)基本(ben)(ben)等同(tong)于(yu)(yu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，因(yin)此，視為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。
由(you)于電(dian)子數(shu)據(ju)容(rong)易出現(xian)截取(qu)、修改、刪除(chu)、偽造等情形，法官可以(yi)依據(ju)以(yi)下情形考察電(dian)子數(shu)據(ju)副本是否可視為原件：
（1）可準確反映(ying)原(yuan)始數(shu)據內(nei)容的輸出物或(huo)顯示物；
（2）具有(you)最終(zhong)完整性(xing)和可供隨(sui)時調取查用的電子副本；
（3）雙方當事人均未提(ti)出原始性異(yi)議的電子副本；
（4）經公證機關(guan)有效(xiao)公正，不利方當(dang)事人提(ti)供(gong)不出反證推翻的電子副本；
（5）附(fu)加了(le)可靠電子簽名或其(qi)他安(an)全程序保(bao)障(zhang)的電子副本；
; （6）滿(man)足法律另行規定或當事人專門約定的(de)其他標準(zhun)的(de)電子(zi)副本。
