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法務動態1、在(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)場(chang)所(suo)內(nei)(nei)，非(fei)(fei)因(yin)(yin)(yin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)(yin)(yin)受到(dao)傷害(hai)的(de)(de)依據(ju)(ju)《工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)傷保(bao)險(xian)條(tiao)例》第十 四條(tiao)第（一）規(gui)定(ding)，在(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)場(chang)所(suo)內(nei)(nei)，因(yin)(yin)(yin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)(yin)(yin)受到(dao)事(shi)故傷害(hai)的(de)(de)應當認(ren)(ren)定(ding)為工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong) 傷，這就是(shi)所(suo)謂(wei)的(de)(de)“三工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”。“三工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”中最核心的(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)是(shi)“工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)(yin)(yin)”，是(shi)構成工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)傷的(de)(de)充 分條(tiao)件(jian)，“工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)場(chang)所(suo)”和(he)“工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)”更多(duo)的(de)(de)是(shi)證(zheng)明工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)輔助因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)，同時(shi)(shi)(shi)也對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo) 原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)(yin)(yin)起補強作(zuo)用。根據(ju)(ju)最高法院司法解(jie)釋規(gui)定(ding)，在(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)場(chang)所(suo)內(nei)(nei)受到(dao)傷害(hai)，用人 單(dan)位或(huo)者社會保(bao)險(xian)行政(zheng)部門沒有證(zheng)據(ju)(ju)證(zheng)明是(shi)非(fei)(fei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)(yin)(yin)導致的(de)(de)，則(ze)(ze)推定(ding)為工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)(yin)(yin)，亦可 認(ren)(ren)定(ding)為工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)傷。當然，如果用人單(dan)位有證(zheng)據(ju)(ju)證(zheng)明員工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)場(chang)所(suo)內(nei)(nei)受到(dao)傷害(hai)并非(fei)(fei) 因(yin)(yin)(yin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)(yin)(yin)導致，則(ze)(ze)不能認(ren)(ren)定(ding)為工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)傷。
2、在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作時(shi)間(jian)(jian)和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作場所(suo)(suo)內(nei)，不是履行(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)(ze)(ze)受(shou)(shou)(shou)到(dao)(dao)暴(bao)力(li)(li)(li)傷(shang)害(hai)(hai)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)保險條例規定 在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作時(shi)間(jian)(jian)和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作場所(suo)(suo)內(nei)“因履行(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)(ze)(ze)受(shou)(shou)(shou)到(dao)(dao)暴(bao)力(li)(li)(li)等(deng)意(yi)外傷(shang)害(hai)(hai)”可認定為工(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)，包(bao)括兩 層(ceng)(ceng)含義(yi)，一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)是指職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)因履行(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)(ze)(ze)，使(shi)某些人的(de)不合理的(de)或違法的(de)目(mu)的(de)沒有(you)達到(dao)(dao)，這 些人出于報復而(er)對(dui)該職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進行(xing)的(de)暴(bao)力(li)(li)(li)人身(shen)傷(shang)害(hai)(hai)；另一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)是指在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作時(shi)間(jian)(jian)和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作場所(suo)(suo)內(nei)，職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 工(gong)(gong)(gong)因履行(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)(ze)(ze)受(shou)(shou)(shou)到(dao)(dao)的(de)意(yi)外傷(shang)害(hai)(hai)，諸如地震、廠區失火(huo)、車間(jian)(jian)房屋倒塌以(yi)及由于單位其 他設(she)施不安(an)全而(er)造成的(de)傷(shang)害(hai)(hai)等(deng)。“因履行(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)(ze)(ze)受(shou)(shou)(shou)到(dao)(dao)暴(bao)力(li)(li)(li)等(deng)意(yi)外傷(shang)害(hai)(hai)”強調的(de)是受(shou)(shou)(shou)到(dao)(dao)的(de) 傷(shang)害(hai)(hai)與履行(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)(ze)(ze)之間(jian)(jian)存在(zai)有(you)因果關系。如果員工(gong)(gong)(gong)因個人利益、個人私怨等(deng)原因受(shou)(shou)(shou)到(dao)(dao)暴(bao) 力(li)(li)(li)傷(shang)害(hai)(hai)，顯然無法認定為工(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)。
3、因(yin)工外出期(qi)間從事個人活動受到傷害的因(yin)工外出期(qi)間一般(ban)包括以下情(qing)形：
1、員(yuan)工(gong)(gong) 受用人單位指派或者因工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)需要在工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)場所(suo)以外從事(shi)與工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)職責(ze)有關的活動期間(jian)；
2、員 工受用人單位指派外出學習或(huo)者(zhe)開會期間；
; 3、員工(gong)(gong)(gong)因(yin)(yin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)需要的(de)其他外(wai)(wai)出(chu)活動期(qi)(qi)間(jian)。工(gong)(gong)(gong) 傷(shang)保險(xian)條例規(gui)定職工(gong)(gong)(gong)因(yin)(yin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)外(wai)(wai)出(chu)期(qi)(qi)間(jian)，由于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)原因(yin)(yin)受(shou)到(dao)傷(shang)害(hai)或者發(fa)生事(shi)故下落(luo)不(bu)明的(de)，應 當認定為工(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)，這里強調的(de)是“工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)原因(yin)(yin)”。如果員工(gong)(gong)(gong)在因(yin)(yin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)外(wai)(wai)出(chu)期(qi)(qi)間(jian)從事(shi)個(ge)人活動，則 不(bu)能認定為工(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)。最高(gao)人民法院在《關于(yu)審理工(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)保險(xian)行政案件若干問題的(de)規(gui)定》中對此亦進行(xing)了明確，“職(zhi)工(gong)因工(gong)外(wai)出期(qi)間從事與工(gong)作或者受用人(ren)單位(wei)指派外(wai)出學習、開會無關 的(de)個人(ren)活動受到(dao)傷害，社會保險行(xing)政(zheng)部門不認定(ding)為工(gong)傷的(de)，人(ren)民法院應予支持(chi)”。
4、在上(shang)(shang)下(xia)班(ban)途中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)但(dan)本(ben)(ben)人負主要責(ze)(ze)任(ren)或全(quan)(quan)部(bu)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)下(xia)班(ban)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)是工 傷(shang)認定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)常見類型，但(dan)并非(fei)(fei)所有(you)在上(shang)(shang)下(xia)班(ban)途中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)都能認定(ding)(ding)為工傷(shang)，這里(li)需(xu)考慮(lv) 員(yuan)工在交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)大小。工傷(shang)保險條(tiao)例(li)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)上(shang)(shang)下(xia)班(ban)途中(zhong)(zhong)受(shou)到“非(fei)(fei)本(ben)(ben)人主要責(ze)(ze)任(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao) 通(tong)(tong)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)”可認定(ding)(ding)為工傷(shang)，“非(fei)(fei)本(ben)(ben)人主要責(ze)(ze)任(ren)”如何理(li)解(jie)？具體是指“無責(ze)(ze)任(ren)”、“次要責(ze)(ze) 任(ren)”、“同等責(ze)(ze)任(ren)”。如果交(jiao)(jiao)警部(bu)門出具的(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)認定(ding)(ding)結論為員(yuan)工個人承擔事(shi)故(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“主要責(ze)(ze) 任(ren)”或“全(quan)(quan)部(bu)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)”，則不能認定(ding)(ding)為工傷(shang)。
5、在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)崗(gang)位，突(tu)發(fa)疾(ji)(ji)病搶(qiang)救無效(xiao)(xiao)在(zai) 48 小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)后死(si)亡(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)傷保險條例規定 “在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)崗(gang)位，突(tu)發(fa)疾(ji)(ji)病死(si)亡(wang)或者(zhe)在(zai) 48 小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)之內經(jing)搶(qiang)救無效(xiao)(xiao)死(si)亡(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)”視同(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong) 傷。“突(tu)發(fa)疾(ji)(ji)病”包括各類疾(ji)(ji)病，不(bu)要求與工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)有關(guan)聯。實務中較為常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)病是(shi)心臟病、 腦出血、心肌梗塞(sai)等突(tu)發(fa)性疾(ji)(ji)病。“48 小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)起算(suan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)，以(yi)醫療機(ji)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)初次(ci)診斷時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian) 作(zuo)為突(tu)發(fa)疾(ji)(ji)病的(de)(de)(de)(de)起算(suan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)。員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)雖(sui)然是(shi)在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)崗(gang)位突(tu)發(fa)疾(ji)(ji)病，但經(jing)過搶(qiang)救無效(xiao)(xiao) 48 小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)之后才死(si)亡(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，不(bu)屬于視同(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)傷的(de)(de)(de)(de)情形。
6、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)間和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)崗(gang)位(wei)突發(fa)疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)請(qing)假回(hui)(hui)家(jia)后再(zai)到(dao)醫(yi)(yi)院(yuan)救治(zhi)或(huo)死(si)亡的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)能視同工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)最(zui) 高人(ren)(ren)(ren)民法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)（2017）最(zui)高法(fa)(fa)行申(shen) 3687 號裁定(ding)書認(ren)為(wei)，《工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)保(bao)險條(tiao)例》第十(shi)五(wu)(wu)條(tiao)第一款(kuan) 第(一)項規定(ding)，職工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)間和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)崗(gang)位(wei)，突發(fa)疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)死(si)亡或(huo)者在(zai) 48 小時(shi)之(zhi)內經搶救無(wu) 效死(si)亡的(de)(de)(de)，視同工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)。上述條(tiao)款(kuan)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是針對在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)間、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)崗(gang)位(wei)上突發(fa)疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)，不(bu)能堅持(chi) 工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)緊(jin)急到(dao)醫(yi)(yi)院(yuan)進行搶救的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況而設定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)。如果是在(zai)回(hui)(hui)家(jia)之(zhi)后再(zai)到(dao)醫(yi)(yi)院(yuan)救治(zhi)或(huo)突發(fa) 疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)死(si)亡的(de)(de)(de)，就不(bu)屬(shu)(shu)于這一條(tiao)規定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)適(shi)用范圍。本案中，張海生(sheng)在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)間和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)崗(gang)位(wei)感 到(dao)身體(ti)不(bu)適(shi)，請(qing)假回(hui)(hui)家(jia)后臥床休息，至次日被(bei)家(jia)人(ren)(ren)(ren)發(fa)現、經搶救無(wu)效死(si)亡。雖然該不(bu)幸后 果值得同情(qing)，但并不(bu)屬(shu)(shu)于《工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)保(bao)險條(tiao)例》上規定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)視同工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)情(qing)形，省人(ren)(ren)(ren)力(li)(li)社保(bao)廳(ting)作(zuo)(zuo)出不(bu) 予認(ren)定(ding)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)決定(ding)于法(fa)(fa)有據(ju)。一、二審(shen)法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)認(ren)定(ding)事實清楚，適(shi)用法(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)規并無(wu)不(bu)當(dang)。——《代 秋燕、河北省人(ren)(ren)(ren)力(li)(li)資源和社會(hui)(hui)保(bao)障廳(ting)勞(lao)動和社會(hui)(hui)保(bao)障行政管理(勞(lao)動、社會(hui)(hui)保(bao)障)再(zai)審(shen)審(shen)查 與審(shen)判監督(du)行政裁定(ding)書》（2017）最(zui)高法(fa)(fa)行申(shen) 3687 號人(ren)(ren)(ren)力(li)(li)資源社會(hui)(hui)保(bao)障部法(fa)(fa)規司(si)《關于 如何理解<工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)保(bao)險條(tiao)例>第十(shi)五(wu)(wu)條(tiao)第（一）項的(de)(de)(de)復函》認(ren)為(wei)，對條(tiao)例第十(shi)五(wu)(wu)條(tiao)第（一）項 視同工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)亡的(de)(de)(de)理解和適(shi)用，應當(dang)嚴(yan)格按照工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)間、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)崗(gang)位(wei)、突發(fa)疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)、徑(jing)直送醫(yi)(yi)院(yuan)搶救 等四(si)要(yao)(yao)件并重，具有同時(shi)性、連貫(guan)性來掌握，具體(ti)情(qing)形主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)包括：
（一）職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)在工(gong)(gong)作時間 和(he)工(gong)(gong)作崗位突(tu)發疾(ji)病當場死(si)亡；
（二）職工(gong)在(zai)工(gong)作(zuo)時(shi)(shi)間和工(gong)作(zuo)崗位突發疾(ji)病，且情況緊急， 直接送醫院或醫療機構當場(chang)搶救并(bing)在(zai) 48 小時(shi)(shi)內死亡等。至于其他情形，如雖在(zai)工(gong)作(zuo)時(shi)(shi)間、工作(zuo)崗位發病(bing)或者自(zi)感不(bu)適，但未送醫(yi)院搶救(jiu)而是(shi)回家休息，48 小(xiao)時內死(si)亡的，不(bu)應(ying)視 同工傷。
7、非(fei)因(yin)(yin)(yin)工(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)(yin)(yin)對遇險者(zhe)實施救(jiu)助(zhu)導致傷(shang)亡(wang)又未經有(you)關(guan)部門認(ren)(ren)定為(wei)見(jian)義(yi)(yi)勇為(wei)的(de)《工(gong) 傷(shang)保險條例》第(di) 15 條第(di)（二(er)）項規定在搶險救(jiu)災等維護(hu)國家利益(yi)(yi)、公(gong)共(gong)利益(yi)(yi)活(huo)動中(zhong)(zhong)受到 傷(shang)害的(de)視(shi)同工(gong)傷(shang)，這里需注意司(si)法實踐中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)做(zuo)法。《最高人民法院關(guan)于非(fei)因(yin)(yin)(yin)工(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)(yin)(yin)對遇 險者(zhe)實施救(jiu)助(zhu)導致傷(shang)亡(wang)的(de)情形(xing)是否認(ren)(ren)定工(gong)傷(shang)問題的(de)答(da)復》（【2014】行(xing)他(ta)字(zi)第(di) 2 號）中(zhong)(zhong)意 見(jian)如下：非(fei)因(yin)(yin)(yin)工(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)(yin)(yin)對遇險者(zhe)實施救(jiu)助(zhu)導致傷(shang)亡(wang)的(de)，如未經有(you)關(guan)部門認(ren)(ren)定為(wei)見(jian)義(yi)(yi)勇為(wei)， 似不(bu)屬于《工(gong)傷(shang)保險條例》第(di)十五(wu)條第(di)一款第(di)（二(er)）項規定的(de)視(shi)同工(gong)傷(shang)情形(xing)。考慮到請示(shi) 所(suo)涉案件(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)張詩春舍身救(jiu)人的(de)行(xing)為(wei)值得提(ti)倡，建(jian)議你院與(yu)下級法院協調當地有(you)關(guan)部門，盡 可能通過其他(ta)方(fang)式做(zuo)好相關(guan)安(an)撫工(gong)作(zuo)，以妥善化解爭(zheng)議。
8、故(gu)意(yi)犯(fan)罪(zui)(zui)導(dao)(dao)致傷(shang)(shang)亡的(de)(de)(de)(de)依(yi)據《工傷(shang)(shang)保險條(tiao)例》第十六條(tiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)，職工有下列情形之 一的(de)(de)(de)(de)，不得認定(ding)為工傷(shang)(shang)或者視同工傷(shang)(shang)：（一）故(gu)意(yi)犯(fan)罪(zui)(zui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)；明知自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為會(hui)發生(sheng)危害社(she)(she) 會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)果，井(jing)且希望或者放任這(zhe)種(zhong)結(jie)(jie)果發生(sheng)，因而構成(cheng)犯(fan)罪(zui)(zui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，是(shi)故(gu)意(yi)犯(fan)罪(zui)(zui)。故(gu)意(yi)犯(fan)罪(zui)(zui)的(de)(de)(de)(de) 社(she)(she)會(hui)影響惡劣，對(dui)國家、社(she)(she)會(hui)和公(gong)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)財產(chan)、利(li)益等損(sun)害較大(da)，本著(zhu)引導(dao)(dao)公(gong)民(min)遵(zun)紀守法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de) 精(jing)神(shen)，對(dui)于(yu)故(gu)意(yi)犯(fan)罪(zui)(zui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)惡劣情形，法(fa)律(lv)(lv)設定(ding)了不利(li)后果，將其排除在(zai)工傷(shang)(shang)保險制度之外， 不予認定(ding)工傷(shang)(shang)。“故(gu)意(yi)犯(fan)罪(zui)(zui)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)認定(ding)，應(ying)當以刑事(shi)偵(zhen)查機關、檢察機關和審判機關的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)效 法(fa)律(lv)(lv)文書(shu)或者結(jie)(jie)論性意(yi)見為依(yi)據。需(xu)特別注意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，過失犯(fan)罪(zui)(zui)導(dao)(dao)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)傷(shang)(shang)亡不影響工傷(shang)(shang)認定(ding)， 比如交通(tong)肇(zhao)事(shi)罪(zui)(zui)、重大(da)責任事(shi)故(gu)罪(zui)(zui)。
9、醉(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)酒(jiu)或者(zhe)吸(xi)(xi)毒導(dao)致傷(shang)亡(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律將因醉(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)酒(jiu)導(dao)致傷(shang)亡(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情形排除(chu)在工(gong)(gong)傷(shang)認定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍之 外(wai)，主要是考慮(lv)國(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些法(fa)律規(gui)定(ding)(ding)禁止(zhi)醉(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)酒(jiu)后工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)、醉(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)酒(jiu)后駕(jia)(jia)車(che)等(deng)(deng)，因此，由于(yu)(yu)(yu)醉(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)酒(jiu)導(dao) 致行為(wei)失(shi)去控制而引(yin)發的(de)(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)事(shi)故(gu)不能作(zuo)為(wei)工(gong)(gong)傷(shang)處理(li)，這樣規(gui)定(ding)(ding)也是為(wei)了(le)(le)(le)在一(yi)定(ding)(ding)程度上控 制職工(gong)(gong)酒(jiu)后工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，減少工(gong)(gong)傷(shang)事(shi)故(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)。對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)醉(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)酒(jiu)標準，可以(yi)(yi)參照《車(che)輛(liang)駕(jia)(jia)駛人(ren)(ren)員血液(ye)(ye)、 呼(hu)氣酒(jiu)精含(han)(han)量(liang)閾值值與檢驗》國(guo)家標準(GB19522-2004）。這一(yi)標準規(gui)定(ding)(ding)：駕(jia)(jia)駛人(ren)(ren)員血液(ye)(ye) 中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)酒(jiu)精含(han)(han)量(liang)大(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)（等(deng)(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)） 20 毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)／100 毫(hao)(hao)升(sheng)、小于(yu)(yu)(yu) 80 毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)／100 毫(hao)(hao)升(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)屬于(yu)(yu)(yu)飲酒(jiu) 駕(jia)(jia)車(che)，含(han)(han)量(liang)大(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)（等(deng)(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)） 80 毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)／100 毫(hao)(hao)升(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)屬于(yu)(yu)(yu)醉(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)酒(jiu)駕(jia)(jia)車(che)。公安(an)機關交通管(guan)理(li)部 門(men)、醫療(liao)機構等(deng)(deng)有關單(dan)位依法(fa)出具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)檢測結論、診斷證明等(deng)(deng)材料，可以(yi)(yi)作(zuo)為(wei)認定(ding)(ding)醉(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)酒(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)依 據。吸(xi)(xi)毒在醫學上多稱藥物(wu)依賴和藥物(wu)濫用，吸(xi)(xi)毒對(dui)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)體健(jian)康(kang)造成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)嚴重損害，造成(cheng) 社(she)會財富的(de)(de)(de)(de)巨大(da)損失(shi)和浪費，毒品(pin)交易活動加劇了(le)(le)(le)各種(zhong)違法(fa)犯罪活動，擾亂了(le)(le)(le)社(she)會治安(an)， 給(gei)社(she)會穩定(ding)(ding)帶(dai)來巨大(da)威脅。相比醉(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)酒(jiu)，吸(xi)(xi)毒在行為(wei)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主觀(guan)過(guo)錯、社(she)會危害性等(deng)(deng)方面，有 過(guo)之而無不及(ji)，借鑒國(guo)際公約相關規(gui)定(ding)(ding)，我(wo)國(guo)亦將吸(xi)(xi)毒排除(chu)工(gong)(gong)傷(shang)認定(ding)(ding)范(fan)圍之外(wai)。
10、自(zi)殘(can)或者自(zi)殺的(de)(de)“自(zi)殘(can)”是(shi)指通(tong)過(guo)各種(zhong)手(shou)(shou)段和(he)方式(shi)傷(shang)害自(zi)己的(de)(de)身(shen)體，井造成傷(shang)害 結(jie)果的(de)(de)行為。“自(zi)殺”是(shi)指通(tong)過(guo)各種(zhong)手(shou)(shou)段和(he)方式(shi)結(jie)束(shu)自(zi)己生命的(de)(de)行為。有(you)的(de)(de)自(zi)殘(can)或者自(zi)殺 是(shi)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)精神狀(zhuang)態導致(zhi)的(de)(de)，但也有(you)的(de)(de)不能排除是(shi)為了獲得工(gong)(gong)傷(shang)待遇導致(zhi)的(de)(de)，自(zi)殘(can)或者自(zi)殺與 工(gong)(gong)作沒有(you)必然(ran)聯系，員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)應對其主觀故意承擔(dan)責任，因此，不能認定工(gong)(gong)傷(shang)。實務中比較難 做得到的(de)(de)是(shi)怎么證明員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)是(shi)自(zi)殘(can)或者自(zi)殺？畢竟不是(shi)人(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)都會留(liu)下遺書的(de)(de)，這個舉證責任 在用人(ren)(ren)單位(wei)。
11、非從(cong)事新(xin)冠(guan)(guan)肺(fei)炎預防(fang)和相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的企(qi)業(ye)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)期間感染(ran)新(xin)冠(guan)(guan)肺(fei)炎不能(neng)認(ren)定為(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong) 傷(shang)(shang)人(ren)社(she)(she)部于(yu)(yu) 2020 年 2 月 21 日針對(dui)企(qi)業(ye)復工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)復產中普遍關(guan)心的勞動用工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、勞動關(guan)系、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資 待(dai)遇(yu)、社(she)(she)保(bao)繳(jiao)費(fei)等方面有(you)關(guan)問題(ti)進行(xing)了解(jie)答(da)，其中關(guan)于(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)(shang)認(ren)定問題(ti)，人(ren)社(she)(she)部意見如下： 《關(guan)于(yu)(yu)因履(lv)行(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)職責感染(ran)新(xin)型冠(guan)(guan)狀病毒肺(fei)炎的醫護(hu)及相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)有(you)關(guan)保(bao)障問題(ti)的通 知》（人(ren)社(she)(she)部函(han)〔2020〕11 號）中明確在(zai)新(xin)冠(guan)(guan)肺(fei)炎預防(fang)和救(jiu)治(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中，醫護(hu)及相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo) 人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)因履(lv)行(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)職責，感染(ran)新(xin)冠(guan)(guan)肺(fei)炎或因新(xin)冠(guan)(guan)肺(fei)炎死亡的，應認(ren)定為(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)(shang)，依法享受工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)(shang) 保(bao)險(xian)待(dai)遇(yu)。這是在(zai)抗擊疫情期間，對(dui)于(yu)(yu)新(xin)型冠(guan)(guan)狀病毒職業(ye)暴露風險(xian)高的從(cong)事預防(fang)和救(jiu)治(zhi)的 醫護(hu)及相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的特殊政策，體現了黨和國家(jia)對(dui)醫護(hu)和相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的關(guan)愛。如果不 是從(cong)事新(xin)冠(guan)(guan)肺(fei)炎預防(fang)和相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)，感染(ran)新(xin)冠(guan)(guan)肺(fei)炎是不能(neng)認(ren)定為(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)(shang)的。