最高人民法院關于審理建設工程施工合同糾紛案件 適用法律問題的解釋（二）解析
發布者：管理員 2019/5/23 14:14:27
為正(zheng)確審理(li)建(jian)設工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)合(he)(he)同糾紛案(an)件(jian)，依(yi)法(fa)(fa)保護當事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)合(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)權(quan)益，維護建(jian)筑(zhu)市場秩序，促進(jin)建(jian)筑(zhu)市場健康發展，根據《中(zhong)華人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)共(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)國(guo)民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)總則》《中(zhong)華人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)共(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)國(guo)合(he)(he)同法(fa)(fa)》《中(zhong)華人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)共(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)國(guo)建(jian)筑(zhu)法(fa)(fa)》《中(zhong)華人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)共(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)國(guo)招標(biao)投標(biao)法(fa)(fa)》《中(zhong)華人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)共(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)國(guo)民(min)(min)事(shi)訴訟法(fa)(fa)》等法(fa)(fa)律規(gui)定，結合(he)(he)審判實踐(jian)。2018年(nian)10月29日(ri)最(zui)(zui)高人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)院審判委員會(hui)第1751次會(hui)議(yi)通(tong)過《最(zui)(zui)高人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)院關于審理(li)建(jian)設工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)合(he)(he)同糾紛案(an)件(jian)適用(yong)法(fa)(fa)律問題的解釋（二(er)）》【下稱“建(jian)設工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)合(he)(he)同解釋（二(er)）”】，并自2019年(nian)2月1日(ri)起施(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)。
我(wo)公司作為房地產企業，該司法(fa)解釋(shi)對(dui)我(wo)公司影響(xiang)較(jiao)大(da)，法(fa)務部(bu)對(dui)其中合同的(de)無效情形(xing)以及涉(she)及的(de)“黑白合同”認(ren)定進行(xing)了學習(xi)，具體如下：
一、《建設工程(cheng)施(shi)工合同》無效的(de)情形
根據《中華人(ren)民共和國合(he)同(tong)法》以及《建(jian)設工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)合(he)同(tong)解釋（二）》，《建(jian)設工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)合(he)同(tong)》無效的情形有(you)以下六點：
1、非法(fa)轉包(bao)合同；
2、違法分包合同；
3、承(cheng)包人未(wei)取得或超越相應(ying)(ying)資質的（例外：承(cheng)包人在建(jian)設工程“竣(jun)工前”取得相應(ying)(ying)資質的，不按無效處理(li)）；
4、沒有資(zi)(zi)質的實際施工(gong)(gong)人借(jie)用有資(zi)(zi)質的建(jian)筑施工(gong)(gong)企業名義的；
5、建設工(gong)程必須進行招(zhao)標而(er)未(wei)招(zhao)標或者(zhe)中標無效(xiao)的。
6、發(fa)(fa)包人未(wei)取得建設(she)工程規劃許可證等(deng)規劃審(shen)批手續(xu)(xu)（例外(wai)：其(qi)一(yi)，發(fa)(fa)包人在起訴前取得建設(she)工程規劃許可證等(deng)規劃審(shen)批手續(xu)(xu)的(de)除外(wai)；其(qi)二，發(fa)(fa)包人能(neng)夠辦理審(shen)批手續(xu)(xu)而未(wei)辦理，并(bing)以未(wei)辦理審(shen)批手續(xu)(xu)為(wei)由主張建設(she)工程施工合(he)同無效的(de)除外(wai)）。
對于(yu)以(yi)上六(liu)種情(qing)形(xing)，其中(zhong)第六(liu)種情(qing)形(xing)就(jiu)是依據《建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)合同解釋（二）》的(de)第2條進行了明確約定，具(ju)體為“當事人以(yi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)包人未取(qu)得建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)規(gui)劃許可證等規(gui)劃審批(pi)(pi)手(shou)續(xu)(xu)為由，請(qing)求(qiu)確認建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)合同無效(xiao)的(de)，人民(min)法院應(ying)予支持，但發(fa)(fa)(fa)包人在起(qi)訴前取(qu)得建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)規(gui)劃許可證等規(gui)劃審批(pi)(pi)手(shou)續(xu)(xu)的(de)除外(wai)。發(fa)(fa)(fa)包人能夠辦理審批(pi)(pi)手(shou)續(xu)(xu)而未辦理，并以(yi)未辦理審批(pi)(pi)手(shou)續(xu)(xu)為由請(qing)求(qiu)確認建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)合同無效(xiao)的(de)，人民(min)法院不予支持。”
同時在《建設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)合同解釋（二）》的(de)第4條中對(dui)(dui)于(yu)借(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)用(yong)資(zi)質(zhi)情形的(de)賠(pei)償責任進行了明確約定，具體為“缺乏資(zi)質(zhi)的(de)單位或者(zhe)個人(ren)借(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)用(yong)有資(zi)質(zhi)的(de)建筑施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)名義簽(qian)訂建設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)合同，發包人(ren)請(qing)求出借(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)方(fang)與借(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)用(yong)方(fang)對(dui)(dui)建設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)不合格(ge)等因出借(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)資(zi)質(zhi)造成的(de)損失承擔連帶賠(pei)償責任的(de)，人(ren)民法院應予支持。”
二、建設工程施工合同中“黑白合同”的效力認定
1、強(qiang)制招(zhao)標(biao)：依照《招(zhao)投標(biao)法》第(di)3條之規(gui)定(ding):在(zai)中華人民(min)共(gong)和國(guo)境(jing)內進行(xing)(xing)下列工(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)包括項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘察、設(she)(she)(she)計、施工(gong)、監(jian)理以及(ji)與工(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)(she)(she)有(you)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要設(she)(she)(she)備、材料等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采購，必(bi)須進行(xing)(xing)招(zhao)標(biao)：(1）大型基(ji)礎設(she)(she)(she)施、公(gong)(gong)用(yong)事(shi)業(ye)等(deng)關系(xi)社(she)會公(gong)(gong)共(gong)利(li)益、公(gong)(gong)眾安全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)；（2）全部或者部分使(shi)用(yong)國(guo)有(you)資(zi)金投資(zi)或者國(guo)家融資(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)；（3）使(shi)用(yong)國(guo)際組織或者外國(guo)政府貸款、援助(zhu)資(zi)金的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)。同時，國(guo)家發改委于2018年3月(yue)27日發文(wen)2018年6月(yue)1日起(qi)施行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《必(bi)須招(zhao)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)規(gui)定(ding)》中縮小了須強(qiang)制招(zhao)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)(fan)圍，民(min)營投資(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科技、教(jiao)育等(deng)事(shi)業(ye)及(ji)社(she)會福利(li)、商品房住(zhu)宅項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)不再(zai)屬(shu)于強(qiang)制招(zhao)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)(fan)圍。
2、“強(qiang)制招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)”建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)人(ren)和中(zhong)標(biao)(biao)人(ren)另(ling)行簽(qian)訂(ding)的(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)同(tong)約(yue)(yue)定的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)、建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)期、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)價(jia)款(kuan)等(deng)實質(zhi)性內容，與中(zhong)標(biao)(biao)合(he)(he)同(tong)不一(yi)(yi)致的(de)(de)，應(ying)當(dang)招(zhao)照(zhao)中(zhong)標(biao)(biao)合(he)(he)同(tong)確定當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)的(de)(de)權利(li)義務（依據《建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)同(tong)解釋（二）》第1條第一(yi)(yi)款(kuan)“招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)人(ren)和中(zhong)標(biao)(biao)人(ren)另(ling)行簽(qian)訂(ding)的(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)同(tong)約(yue)(yue)定的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)、建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)期、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)價(jia)款(kuan)等(deng)實質(zhi)性內容，與中(zhong)標(biao)(biao)合(he)(he)同(tong)不一(yi)(yi)致，一(yi)(yi)方當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)請求按(an)照(zhao)中(zhong)標(biao)(biao)合(he)(he)同(tong)確定權利(li)義務的(de)(de)，人(ren)民法院應(ying)予支(zhi)持”）。
3、“強制招標(biao)(biao)”建設(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)程(cheng)，招標(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)和中(zhong)標(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)在(zai)中(zhong)標(biao)(biao)合(he)同(tong)(tong)之外(wai)就(jiu)(jiu)明(ming)顯高(gao)(gao)于市(shi)(shi)場價(jia)格購(gou)買(mai)承建房產、無償建設(she)(she)(she)(she)住宅配(pei)套(tao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)、讓(rang)利、向建設(she)(she)(she)(she)單位捐(juan)贈財物(wu)等另(ling)行(xing)(xing)簽訂合(he)同(tong)(tong)，變相(xiang)降低(di)工(gong)程(cheng)價(jia)款，該背離中(zhong)標(biao)(biao)合(he)同(tong)(tong)實質內容而另(ling)行(xing)(xing)簽訂的建設(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)合(he)同(tong)(tong)無效（依(yi)據(ju)《建設(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)合(he)同(tong)(tong)解釋(shi)（二(er)）》第1條第二(er)款“招標(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)和中(zhong)標(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)在(zai)中(zhong)標(biao)(biao)合(he)同(tong)(tong)之外(wai)就(jiu)(jiu)明(ming)顯高(gao)(gao)于市(shi)(shi)場價(jia)格購(gou)買(mai)承建房產、無償建設(she)(she)(she)(she)住房配(pei)套(tao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)、讓(rang)利、向建設(she)(she)(she)(she)單位捐(juan)贈財物(wu)等另(ling)行(xing)(xing)簽訂合(he)同(tong)(tong)，變相(xiang)降低(di)工(gong)程(cheng)價(jia)款，一方(fang)當(dang)事人(ren)(ren)以該合(he)同(tong)(tong)背離中(zhong)標(biao)(biao)合(he)同(tong)(tong)實質性內容為由請求確認無效的，人(ren)(ren)民法院應予支(zhi)持”）。
4、依(yi)(yi)法(fa)不屬于必(bi)(bi)須招(zhao)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目（“非強制招(zhao)標(biao)”），發包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)進行(xing)招(zhao)標(biao)后(hou)，與承包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)另行(xing)訂立(li)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)(tong)背離中(zhong)(zhong)標(biao)合(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)實質性內容(rong)，應當以(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)標(biao)合(he)同(tong)(tong)作為結(jie)算(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)價款(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)依(yi)(yi)據(ju)（依(yi)(yi)據(ju)《建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)(tong)解釋(shi)（二）》第9條“發包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)將依(yi)(yi)法(fa)不屬于必(bi)(bi)須招(zhao)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進行(xing)招(zhao)標(biao)后(hou)，與承包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)另行(xing)訂立(li)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)(tong)背離中(zhong)(zhong)標(biao)合(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)實質性內容(rong)，當事人(ren)(ren)請求以(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)標(biao)合(he)同(tong)(tong)作為結(jie)算(suan)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)價款(kuan)依(yi)(yi)據(ju)的(de)(de)(de)，人(ren)(ren)民法(fa)院應予支(zhi)持(chi)，但(dan)發包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)與承包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)因客觀情況發生了在招(zhao)標(biao)投(tou)標(biao)時難以(yi)預見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)而另行(xing)訂立(li)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)除外”）。
對于上述(shu)情(qing)形(xing)(xing)，法(fa)(fa)務部(bu)應在(zai)建設(she)工(gong)程招標以及合同起草簽(qian)署中著重把控，嚴格按照相(xiang)關法(fa)(fa)律(lv)法(fa)(fa)規以及公(gong)司實際情(qing)形(xing)(xing)進(jin)行風險(xian)防控。
